The tendency of main group atoms to form enough bonds to obtain eight valence electrons is known as the octet rule. This allows each halogen atom to have a noble gas electron configuration. The other halogen molecules (F 2, Br 2, I 2, and At 2) form bonds like those in the chlorine molecule: one single bond between atoms and three lone pairs of electrons per atom. Each Cl atom interacts with eight valence electrons: the six in the lone pairs and the two in the single bond. A dash (or line) is sometimes used to indicate a shared pair of electrons:Ī single shared pair of electrons is called a single bond. The Lewis structure indicates that each Cl atom has three pairs of electrons that are not used in bonding (called lone pairs) and one shared pair of electrons (written between the atoms). For example, when two chlorine atoms form a chlorine molecule, they share one pair of electrons: We also use Lewis symbols to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures, drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The total number of electrons does not change. Figure 7.10 Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons, represented by fewer Lewis dots, whereas anions are formed by atoms gaining electrons.
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